Dreams and their interpretation are central to the Joseph story, and this section has the first of three pairs of dreams that are key to the narrative (compare 40:5–23; 41:1–36).[8] In this instance, Joseph is the dreamer and his family does the interpreting. “Throughout the biblical world, dreams were recognized as vehicles of divine communication,”[9] and thus not knowing their meaning could induce considerable anxiety—as will be seen later with the dreams of Pharaoh’s servants in chapter 40 and of Pharaoh himself in chapter 41—because it potentially meant that the dreamer lacked knowledge vital for their future or well-being.[10]

Yet, people in antiquity also understood that sometimes, dreams are just dreams, which is why dreams in the Joseph story always occur in pairs: the second served to authentic the first as a legitimate message from God.[11] Dreams were also believed to reveal something about the personality and innermost desires of the dreamer. Hence, here when Joseph’s dreams indicated that he would rule over the rest of his family, his brothers believed the dreams “betrayed [Joseph’s] true aspirations.” They also feared “the potentiality of fulfillment,” which is why the dreams “arouse[d] hostility so intense as to culminate in a conspiracy to murder.”[12]

While Israel’s sons were out tending to the flocks, Israel sent Joseph to check up on them (Genesis 37:12–17). “The road led from Hebron to Shechem and on to Dothan, where Joseph finally caught up with his brothers. This route corresponds exactly to the ancient north-south road west of the Jordan which traversed the central hill country the entire length of the Palestinian watershed.”[13] This led Joseph some fifty miles away from the safety of home and into the arms of his brothers, who were conspiring to kill him.[14] However, the oldest son Reuben persuaded the brothers to instead cast Joseph into a pit, at least for the time being (verses 18–22).

While Reuben was apparently away, Judah proposed another alternative: selling Joseph as a slave to a passing merchant caravan (Genesis 37:26–29). The twenty-shekel price was the average price for a slave in the early second millennium BC and was equal to about two to three years of wages for a hired shepherd.[15] Unfortunately, selling family members into slavery was not an uncommon practice in the ancient world.[16]

The merchants then took Joseph down to Egypt, where he was sold to a man named Potiphar (verse 36). Documents from this general time period show that many slaves in Egypt were of Semitic origin.[17] The name Potiphar is an authentic Egyptian name, most popular in the first millennium BC but based on a name type that goes back much earlier.[18]

When the brothers cast Joseph into the pit, they stripped him of his special coat (verses 23–24). In various ways, major transitions in Joseph’s life were marked by the receiving and then the taking away of clothing. In this instance, he transitions from being a favored son with a special coat or garment to being a lowly slave, stripped of clothing.[19] Afterward, the brothers take the coat, dip it in blood, and probably tear it as well,[20] and present it to their father in order to make it look like a wild animal had attacked and devoured Joseph (Genesis 37:31–35).